Phylum bryophyta pdf

Sexual reproduction is an oogamous type. The sporophytes diploid generations are partially parasitic on the gametophytes. Sporophytes are more elaborated in mosses Bryopsida than liverworts Hepaticopsida. They have multicellular sex organs in their gametophytes. Sex organs have a sterile jacket layer outside.

Male sex organ is called antheridium , and the female sex organ is called archegonium. Antheridium has a surrounding sterile jacket layer. The sperm mother cell or antherozoid mother cell is at the center. Antherozoids are bi-flagellated and motile. They swim to reach the egg cell.

Archegonium also has a surrounding sterile jacket layer and is flask-shaped. There is a tubular neck and a swollen venter. Venter has ventral canal cells and a central egg. The neck encloses sterile neck canal cells. Egg cells are non-motile and much larger. Water is essential for fertilization. Fertilization forms zygote inside archegonium.

Zygote undergoes mitosis and forms diploid sporophytic generation. Sporophyte has a foot, seta, anda capsule. Foot and seta are much reduced in liverworts and elaborated in mosses.

Capsule bears the spore mother cells. Meiosis takes place in spore mother cells and forms haploid spores. This is called Sporic meiosis. All Bryophytes are homosporous. Spores are dispersed by wind. In certain mosses, like Funaria , spores on germination form juvenile gametophyte or the protonema. Protonema shows buds and can propagate via fragmentation. Protonema matures into adult moss. The vegetative plant body of gametophyte is usually dorsiventral and is either thalloid or less commonly foliose.

Septa is absent in rhizoids. The sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte. Seta is absent in Riccia. Sex organs are dorsally present in gametophytic tissue and are produced from a single superficial cell. Reproduction takes place by sexual and asexual methods. Marchantia produces specialized structures, called gemma, for asexual reproduction.

Examples: Riccia , Marchantia, Pellia, Porella, etc. The gametophyte is flat , dorsiventral , lobed , thalloid. Smooth walled rhizoids are present. One Large chloroplast with central pyrenoid is present in each cell. Reproduction takes place by vegetative and sexual methods. Examples: Anthoceros, Megaceros, Notothylas, etc. Thegametophytic plant body is differentiated into prostrate protonema and erect leafy gametophore.

Multicellular rhizoids with oblique septa are present. The sporophytic plant body is divided into foot, seta, and capsule. Sex organs are present apically on the stem. Reproduction takes place by asexual and sexual methods. Examples: Funaria , Polytrichum , Sphagnum , etc.

Practice Exam Questions. Polytrichum 2. Funaria 3. Sphagnum 4. Marchantia 5. Anthoceros 6. Presence of filamentous protonema in Funaria. Predominant gametophytic generation. Presence of multicellular antheridia and archegonia. Biflagellated motile sperms. Sporic meiosis and haplo-diplontic life cycle. Attempt Mock Tests. They are non-vascular plants, and the body is differentiated into root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures.

They are haploid and show alternation of generations in which the diploid phase is short and parasitic to the haploid generation. They grow in a moist and shady environment. Some mosses, like Sphagnum ,are extremely important for packaging, fuel, etc.

Give two differences between Bryophyta and Thallophyta. Macroscopically, the leaves are sessile and spirally arranged in more than three rows. Further characterization of leaves includes a unistratose lamina that generally lacks lamellae and has elongate cells with numerous chloroplasts. Leaves usually contain a costa, that may or may not be mutlistratose with conducting cells.

The stem lacks a leptome, thus may not contain a well developed conducting system. The rhizoids of Bryopsids are uniseriate, multicellular with oblique crosswalls when mature, and arise from epidermal cells of stems and leaves. Asexual gemmae arise from rhizoids or the gametophore, depending on the species. Sexual reproductive structures archegonium and antheridium are associated with sterile paraphyses.

The calyptra is usually smooth and at the apex of the mature sporangium. Because of its absorbent andantiseptic propertiesit was used for dressings during World War I, to make pillows for resting of wounded members for soldiers transported to hospitals from battlefields, and recently as filling material for sanitary napkins. In Japan, mosses have traditionally been used as basecover for bonsai,in small terraria, in miniature landscapes and in the designs of the famous japanese gardens.

Has been used for surgical dressing Accumulated beds of peat are dried out and used as afossil fuel. Here they can absorb great quantities of rain and release water slowly into the atmosphere or ground. They also, along with the moisture, release quantities of ions i. These balls support numbers of invertebrates and smaller organisms.

Bascially these layers have created a second 'ground' or terra high in the tropical canopy In wetlands such as boglands and swamps Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks. Explore Magazines.

Editors' Picks All magazines. Explore Podcasts All podcasts. Difficulty Beginner Intermediate Advanced. Explore Documents. Phylum Bryophyta New.

Uploaded by Akil Dhoni. Document Information click to expand document information Description: phylum bryophyta. Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Description: phylum bryophyta.

Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document.

Mosses Mosses Phylum Bryophyta may be found all around the world and inhabit diverse habitats. Habitats range from exposed rock types, shaded coniferous forests, to bogs.

Mosses can be distinguished from liverworts Phylum Marchantiophyta and hornworts PhylumAnthocerotophyta by a number of gametophytic and sporophytic features. The top of the male gametophyte bears the antheridia which produces sperm 2. The top of the female gametophyte has one or more archegonia which contains the ova 3.

Zygote grows into a stalk with a capsule which produces spores 5. When mature the cap comes off and spores disperse 6. Spore grows when environmental conditions are right 7. First grows into a cellular filament called a protonema 8. Habitats are typically humid and terrestrial. Growth of the shoots is acrocarpous. The species in this class are typically blackish to dark reddish- brown and form short and brittle brittle tufts or turfs. Unlike in some other classes, such as the Bryopsida, the protonema in the Andraeopsida are thalloid.

Furthermore, all members of this class are autoicous, meaning that both the female and male reproductive organs occur in separate clusters on the same gametophyte. Most species have unistratose leaves, with multistratosity confined to the midrib of costate species The lines of dehiscence open when the sporangium is dry and closes when it is moist.

As previously mentioned, the sporophyte is elevated by a seta. The lamellae are vertical tiers of cells present on the surface of the leaf. Akil Dhoni. Alan Jules Weberman. Alan Torres. Tcel Maramag. Crown Publishing Group. Christian Bansagale Llaguno. Sylentm Madalin. Ankit Johari. Stan Langeh. Aileen Loo. Jerid Aisen Fragio. Chris Bailey.